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Term 1<Regional Kingdom><The Sultanate Period>
Term 2- <Tribal Communities>
TRIBAL COMMUNITIES
Q1. Write the short note on the Tribal Societies.
Ans-1. Tribal people did not keep written records. They preserved the customs and traditions orally. They passed this generations to next by the word of mouth only.
2. The Tribal people did not let outsiders into their areas of habitations easily.
3. They leave in areas such as dense forest, hills, deserts and mountains etc. Which were difficult to reach.
So this is the reason that very few people had their contact.
Q2. Name some Tribal Groups.
Ans-The names are as follows:-
Baluchi, Ghakkars and Khokhars, Gonds and Ahoms.
Q3. What do you know about Gonds?
Ans- Gonds were the one of the most powerful Tribal communities. The word Gond probably comes from the Telugu word "Konda" which means a hill.
Q4. What do you know about "Ahoms"?
Answer: The Ahoms were the tribal people who migrated to the Brahmputra valley from present-day Myanmar(previously Burma) in the 13th century. They created a new state by suppressing the older political system of the Bhuiyans i.e. landlords.
Q5. "Most of the tribal people were normads" justify.
Ans:- a.The tribal people moved about with their animals when the supply of food for those animals which got exhausted in an area, they moved to another area.
b. They exchanged milk, honey, wool, ghee and so on. They settled agriculturists for grains and various other products.
c. Contemporary records tell us that they transported grains from villages to towns on bullock carts.
d. They traveled with their families, in big group.
Q4. "With time tribal groups were exposed to new cultures"
In the light of the statement discuss the changes which took place in the life of the tribal during the medieval period.
Ans:-a Tribal Groups were exposed to new cultures during the medieval period. As a result they slowly began to change their isolated lifestyle.
b. Many of them began to lead a settled life and adopted better methods of agriculture.
c. Many tribal custom ceremonies and gods also become the part of their existing culture.
d. During the medieval period some tribes become dominant.
e. Those, that controlled the key-trade routes and forest resources become very powerful.
Question 1: List the names of major tribes of India found during the medieval period.
Answer: Khokhars, Gakkhars, Langahs, Arghuns, Balochis, Gaddis, Nagas, Ahoms, Cheros, Mundas, Santhals, Kolis, Berads, Koragas, Vetards, Marvars, Bhils.
Question 2: What led to the emergence of smaller castes?
Answer: The growing economy and the needs of the society required the people with new skills that led to the emergence of smaller castes or jatis within varnas
Question 3: Define a tribe.
Answer: A tribe is a group of people in a primitive or barbarous stage of development acknowledging the authority of a chief and usually regarding themselves as having a common ancestor.
Question 4: Name the tribes located in the south of India.
Answer: The Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others were located in south of India.
Question 5: What are Buranjis?
Answer: Buranjis are a class of historical chronicles written in the Ahom and Assamese languages.
Question 6: What kind of system of government was followed by the Ahoms?
Answer: The Ahoms followed the system of government which was partly monarchical and partly aristocratic.
Question 7: Give brief information about tribal community.
Answer: Large tribes thrived in different parts of the country. Kinship bonds were very important as members of each tribe were united by this bond. These tribes were divided into many clans which traced their descent from a common ancestor. They usually lived in relative isolation, in places far away from cities where it was difficult for others to reach. The tribes have their own distinct culture. The tribal societies preserved their rich customs and oral traditions, and passed them to the next generation.
Question 8: What is ‘shifting agriculture’?
Answer: Trees and bushes in a forest area are first cut and burnt. The crop is sown in the ashes. When this land loses its fertility, another plot of land is cleared and planted in the same way. This is called shifting agriculture.
Question 9: Highlight the lifestyle of nomadic pastoralists.
Answer: Nomadic pastoralists moved from one place to another with their herds of goats and sheep, camels and cattle, lived on milk and other pastoral products produced by their animals. They exchanged wool, ghee, etc. with settled agriculturists for commodities such as cloth, grain, utensils and other products. They bought and sold these goods as they moved from one place to other.
Question 11: How did the kingdom of Ahom establish?
Answer: In 1228 CE, the Ahom kingdom was established by Sukapha. He established his permanent capital at Charaideo (in easter part of Brahmaputra valley) in 1253 CE. There was marked expansion as well as realignment of several political territorial units during this period. Sukapha won over the chiefs of various tribal groups of the region and even encouraged matrimonial alliances with them. He did away with the older political system of the landlords called bhuiyans. Thus, a small kingdom of Ahoms emerged which ruled till 1826 CE.
Question 12: Give information about religion and art in Ahom society.
Answer: Initially, the Ahoms worshipped their tribal gods. With the increasing influence of the Brahmins, the king granted land to the temples and the Brahmins. Though Hinduism became a major religion during the reign of Sib Singh (1714 CE-1744 CE), the Ahoms did not completely give up their traditional beliefs. Ahom society appreciated poets and scholars by granting them lands. They also encouraged theatre. Historical works also known as buranjis (Ahom chronicles) were first written in the Ahom language and later in the Assamese language. Many important Sanskrit works were translated into local languages
Question 13: What occupation did the Ahoms take up?
Answer: During war almost all adult males served in the army. They were engaged in building dams, irrigation systems and other public works at other times. They introduced new methods of rice cultivation
Question 14: Briefly describe the attacks on the Ahoms.
Answer: In the south-west the Ahoms faced many invasions. In 1552 under Mir Jumla, the Mughals attacked the kingdom. The Ahoms were defeated despite their strong defence. However, the Mughals could not have direct control over them for a long time.
Question 15: Who were the Cheros?
Answer: Chero chiefdoms had emerged in the present-day Bihar and Jharkhand by the 12th century. They were attacked and defeated by Raja Man Singh, Akbar’s famous general in 1591. Though large amount of booty was taken from them, they were not fully subdued by him. But the Mughal forces under Aurangzeb captured many Chero fortresse
Question 16: Write a short note on the administrative system of the Gond kingdom.
Answer: The Gonds comprise the largest tribal group in India. The large Gond kingdom was divided into garhs. A particular Gond clan controlled each garh. Each garh was further divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each.
Question 17: Write a note on Garha Katanga.
Answer: Garha Katanga was a rich state. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting wild elephants to other kingdoms. When the Mughals defeated the Gonds, they captured a huge booty of precious coins and elephants. They annexed part of the kingdom and granted the rest to Chandra Shah, an uncle of Bir Narayan.
Question 19: What were the sources of tribal livelihood?
Answer: The tribal people obtained their livelihood from different sources. Many tribes secured their livelihood from agriculture while others were hunter-gatherers and animal herders. They very often combined these activities in order to make full use of natural resources of the area where they lived. Some tribes were nomadic and they wandered from place to place in search of food and pasture lands. Nomadic pastoralists, who moved place to place with their herds of goat or sheep, or camels and cattle, lived on milk and other pastoral products produced by their animals. They exchanged wool, ghee, etc, with settled agriculturalists for commodities such as cloth, grain, utensils and other products. They bought and sold these goods as they moved from one place to another.
Question 23: The Banjaras were one of the most important trader-nomads of the medieval time. Give reasons.
Answer: The Banjaras were one of the most important trader-nomads of the medieval time. Their caravan was called tanda. Sultan Alauddin Khalji relied on Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets. Emperor Jahangir’s memoirs give an account about the Banjaras who transported food grains for the Mughal army during military campaigns.
Question 24: Describe the role of the Gond tribe in the medieval period.
Answer:
Answer:
Answer: Khokhars, Gakkhars, Langahs, Arghuns, Balochis, Gaddis, Nagas, Ahoms, Cheros, Mundas, Santhals, Kolis, Berads, Koragas, Vetards, Marvars, Bhils.
Question 2: What led to the emergence of smaller castes?
Answer: The growing economy and the needs of the society required the people with new skills that led to the emergence of smaller castes or jatis within varnas
Question 3: Define a tribe.
Answer: A tribe is a group of people in a primitive or barbarous stage of development acknowledging the authority of a chief and usually regarding themselves as having a common ancestor.
Question 4: Name the tribes located in the south of India.
Answer: The Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others were located in south of India.
Question 5: What are Buranjis?
Answer: Buranjis are a class of historical chronicles written in the Ahom and Assamese languages.
Question 6: What kind of system of government was followed by the Ahoms?
Answer: The Ahoms followed the system of government which was partly monarchical and partly aristocratic.
Question 7: Give brief information about tribal community.
Answer: Large tribes thrived in different parts of the country. Kinship bonds were very important as members of each tribe were united by this bond. These tribes were divided into many clans which traced their descent from a common ancestor. They usually lived in relative isolation, in places far away from cities where it was difficult for others to reach. The tribes have their own distinct culture. The tribal societies preserved their rich customs and oral traditions, and passed them to the next generation.
Question 8: What is ‘shifting agriculture’?
Answer: Trees and bushes in a forest area are first cut and burnt. The crop is sown in the ashes. When this land loses its fertility, another plot of land is cleared and planted in the same way. This is called shifting agriculture.
Question 9: Highlight the lifestyle of nomadic pastoralists.
Answer: Nomadic pastoralists moved from one place to another with their herds of goats and sheep, camels and cattle, lived on milk and other pastoral products produced by their animals. They exchanged wool, ghee, etc. with settled agriculturists for commodities such as cloth, grain, utensils and other products. They bought and sold these goods as they moved from one place to other.
Question 11: How did the kingdom of Ahom establish?
Answer: In 1228 CE, the Ahom kingdom was established by Sukapha. He established his permanent capital at Charaideo (in easter part of Brahmaputra valley) in 1253 CE. There was marked expansion as well as realignment of several political territorial units during this period. Sukapha won over the chiefs of various tribal groups of the region and even encouraged matrimonial alliances with them. He did away with the older political system of the landlords called bhuiyans. Thus, a small kingdom of Ahoms emerged which ruled till 1826 CE.
Question 12: Give information about religion and art in Ahom society.
Answer: Initially, the Ahoms worshipped their tribal gods. With the increasing influence of the Brahmins, the king granted land to the temples and the Brahmins. Though Hinduism became a major religion during the reign of Sib Singh (1714 CE-1744 CE), the Ahoms did not completely give up their traditional beliefs. Ahom society appreciated poets and scholars by granting them lands. They also encouraged theatre. Historical works also known as buranjis (Ahom chronicles) were first written in the Ahom language and later in the Assamese language. Many important Sanskrit works were translated into local languages
Question 13: What occupation did the Ahoms take up?
Answer: During war almost all adult males served in the army. They were engaged in building dams, irrigation systems and other public works at other times. They introduced new methods of rice cultivation
Question 14: Briefly describe the attacks on the Ahoms.
Answer: In the south-west the Ahoms faced many invasions. In 1552 under Mir Jumla, the Mughals attacked the kingdom. The Ahoms were defeated despite their strong defence. However, the Mughals could not have direct control over them for a long time.
Question 15: Who were the Cheros?
Answer: Chero chiefdoms had emerged in the present-day Bihar and Jharkhand by the 12th century. They were attacked and defeated by Raja Man Singh, Akbar’s famous general in 1591. Though large amount of booty was taken from them, they were not fully subdued by him. But the Mughal forces under Aurangzeb captured many Chero fortresse
Question 16: Write a short note on the administrative system of the Gond kingdom.
Answer: The Gonds comprise the largest tribal group in India. The large Gond kingdom was divided into garhs. A particular Gond clan controlled each garh. Each garh was further divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each.
Question 17: Write a note on Garha Katanga.
Answer: Garha Katanga was a rich state. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting wild elephants to other kingdoms. When the Mughals defeated the Gonds, they captured a huge booty of precious coins and elephants. They annexed part of the kingdom and granted the rest to Chandra Shah, an uncle of Bir Narayan.
Question 19: What were the sources of tribal livelihood?
Answer: The tribal people obtained their livelihood from different sources. Many tribes secured their livelihood from agriculture while others were hunter-gatherers and animal herders. They very often combined these activities in order to make full use of natural resources of the area where they lived. Some tribes were nomadic and they wandered from place to place in search of food and pasture lands. Nomadic pastoralists, who moved place to place with their herds of goat or sheep, or camels and cattle, lived on milk and other pastoral products produced by their animals. They exchanged wool, ghee, etc, with settled agriculturalists for commodities such as cloth, grain, utensils and other products. They bought and sold these goods as they moved from one place to another.
Question 23: The Banjaras were one of the most important trader-nomads of the medieval time. Give reasons.
Answer: The Banjaras were one of the most important trader-nomads of the medieval time. Their caravan was called tanda. Sultan Alauddin Khalji relied on Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets. Emperor Jahangir’s memoirs give an account about the Banjaras who transported food grains for the Mughal army during military campaigns.
Question 24: Describe the role of the Gond tribe in the medieval period.
Answer:
- During the Medieval period, the Gonds were one of the most important tribe found in large numbers across the present-day states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
- They occupied a vast forested region called Gondwana (literally, country inhabited by the Gonds).
- The Gond people widely practiced shifting cultivation.
- The large Gond tribe was divided into many smaller clans and every clan had its own raja or rai.
- The Akbarnama gives an account of the Gond kingdom of Garh-Katanga that comprised 70,000 villages.
Answer:
- The Ahoms followed the system of government which was partly monarchical and partly aristocratic.
- The king was the supreme head of the State but he had to act according to the advice of the five hereditary councillors of State.
- The significant feature of the Ahom State was the system of forced labour (people were forced to work for the State). It is called paik.
- Each village had to send a number of paiks who would work on the basis of rotation. They served in the army during war and also participated in building dams, irrigation systems and other public works.
The Regional Kingdoms-2
Q1. When there were many small kingdoms in different part of India.
Ans:- During the latter half of the reign of Delhi Sultans there were many small kingdoms in different part of India.
Q2. What happened when the sultans became weak?
Ans:- The provinces of the Sultanate became independent.
Q3. In the Early Medieval period Kashmir was ruled by which dynasty?
Ans:- In the Early Medieval period Kashmir was ruled by Hindu dynasty.
Q4. When Shah Mir started a Muslim dynasty in Kashmir?
Ans:- In the fourteenth century, Shah Mir started a Muslim Dynasty in Kashmir.
Q5. Who was known as Budshah?
Ans:- Zain-ul-Abidin was known as Budshah.
Q6. Who was the greatest ruler of Kashmir?
Ans:- Zain-ul-Abidin or Budshah was the greatest ruler of Kashmir.
Q7. Who practised religious tolerance and patronized education and learning in Kashmir?
Ans:- Zain-ul-Abidin or Budshah practised religious tolerance and patronized education and learning in Kashmir.
Q8. Who encouraged agriculture and new arts and crafts in Kashmir?
Ans:- Zain-ul-Abidin or Budshah encouraged agriculture and new arts and crafts in Kashmir.
Q9. When Mughals annexed Kashmir?
Ans:- In the late sixteenth century the Mughals annexed Kashmir.
Q10. Who ruled over Marwar?
Ans:- The Rathors ruled over Marwar.
Q11. Who founded the city of Jodhpur and built the Mehrangarh Fort there?
Ans:- Maharaja Jodha founded the city of Jodhpur founded and build the Mehrangarh Fort there.
Q12. Who was the powerful ruler of Marwar?
Ans:- Maharaja Maldeva was the powerful ruler of Marwar.
Q13. Which province was ruled by Sisodia Rajputs?
Ans:- The Mewar (Rajasthan) was ruled by the Sisodia Rajputs.
Q14. Who made Mewar very strong?
Ans:- Rana Hamir and Rana Kumbha made Mewar very strong.
Q15. Who was the greatest ruler of Mewar?
Ans:- The greatest ruler of Mewar was Rana Sanga.
Q16. Who defeated the ruler of Malwa and annexed parts of his territories?
Ans:-Rana Sanga defeated the ruler of Malwa and annexed parts of his territories.
Q17. In which year Babur defeated Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanua?
Ans:-In the year 1527 Babur defeated Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanua.
Q18. Who was the governor of Jaunpur during the reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq?
Ans:-Malik Sarwar was the governor of Jaunpur during the reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq.
Q19. When Malik Sarwar declared his independence and started the Sharqi Dynasty?
Ans:- Taking the advantage of Timur's invasion in 1398 Malik Sarwar declared his independence and started the Sharqi Dynasty.
Q20. Who was the most powerful Sharqi ruler?
Ans:- Ibrahim Shah Sharqi was the most powerful Sharqi ruler.
Q21. Who conquered Jaunpur and when?
Ans:- Bahlul Lodi conquered Jaunpur In the year 1484.
Q22. Which place was an important centre of trade?
Ans:- Bengal was an important centre of trade.
Q23. When and by which sultans Bengal was ruled?
Ans:-In the fourteenth and fifteenth Bengal was ruled by Ilyas Shahi and Husain Shahi.
Q24. When Mughals annexed the kingdom of Bengal?
Ans:- In the sixteenth century the Mughals annexed the kingdom of Bengal.
Q25. Who founded the kingdom of Malwa and when?
Ans:- Dilwar Khan founded the kingdom of Malwa in 1401.
Q26. Who was the most powerful ruler of Malwa?
Ans:- The most powerful ruler of Malwa was Hushang Shah.
Q27. Malwa was conquered by whom?
Ans:- Malwa was conquered by Sher Shah.
Q28. The sultans of Malwa fought with which rulers?
Ans:- The sultans of Malwa fought with the rulers of Delhi, Jaunpur and Gujarat.
Q29. Who founded the independent Kingdom in Gujarat and when?
Ans:-Muzaffar Shah founded an independent kingdom in Gujarat in the fifteenth Century.
Q30.Name some famous rulers of Gujarat?
Ans:- They are Ahmed Shah, Mahmud Shah Begarha and Bahadur Shah.
Q31. When Akbar annexed Gujarat?
Ans:- In the sixteenth Century Akbar annexed Gujarat.
Q32. Who was the first independent ruler of Khandesh?
Ans:- Raja Ahmad also called Malik Raja was the first independent ruer of Khandesh.
Q33. Who was succeeded by Nasir Khan?
Ans:- Raja Ahmed also called Malik Raja Succeeded by Nasir Khan.
Q34. Who built the town of Burhanpur?
Ans:- Nasir Khan built the town of Burhanpur.
Q35. Who annexed Khandesh?
Ans:- The ruler of Gujrat annexed Khandesh.
Q36. Who loved to eat?
Ans:- Mahmud Shah of Gujarat loved to eat. It is said that plates of meat patties were placed on both sides of his bed at night, in case he felt hungry.
Q37. Who established Vijaynagar Empire?
Ans:- The Vijayanagar Empire was established by two brothers Harihara and Bukka Rai in 1336. They were feudatories of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.
Q38. When the two brothers Harihara and Bukka Rai shifted their base to Kampili?
Ans:- The two brothers Harihara and Bukka Rai shifted their base to Kampili when the kindgdom of Warangal was overrun by Ghiyeas-Ud-din Tughlaug in 1323.
Q39. When the two brothers Harihara and Bukka Rai were taken captive?
Ans:- When the Tughluqs conquered Kampili the two brothers Harihara and Bukka Rai were taken captive.
Q40. Why the two brothers were sent to South India?
Ans:- They were shifted to south India to crush the rebellions there.
Q41. When the two brothers declared their independence?
Ans:- The two brothers Harihara and Bukka Rai rebelled against Muhmmad-bin Tughluq and declared their independence.
Q42. Who built Vijayanagar (City of Victory)and made it their capital?
Ans:- The two brothers Harihara and Bukka Rai built Vijayanagar (City of Victory)and made it their capital.
Q43. Who was Harihara and Bukka?
Ans:- Harihara ascended the throne in 1336. He ruled for 20 years. He was succeded by Bukka, who ruled till 1377.
Q44. The two brothers Harihara and Bukka fought against which ruler?
Ans:- The two brothers Harihara and Bukka fought against the Hoysala ruler of Mysore and the king of Madurai.
Q45. Bukka defeated which King?
Ans:- Bukka defeated the King of Maduri.
Q46. The kingdom of Vijayanagar lasted for how many years?
Ans:- The kingdom of Vijayanagar lasted for 230 years.
Q47. What are the main three dynasties of Vijayanagar Kingdom?
Ans:- The three dynasties are i) Sangama Dynasty Ruled 1336-1485 ii) Saluva Dynasty (1485-1505) and iii) Tuluva Dynasty (1505-1565).
Q48. Which foreign travellers visited the kingdom of Vijayanagar.
Ans:- Nicolo Conti, Abdur Razzaq and Domingo Paes visited the kingdom of Vijayanagar.
Q49. Who have described the capital city of Hampi?
Ans:- Nicolo Conti, Abdur Razzaq and Domingo Paes the foreign travellers described the capital city of Hampi.
Q50. Who was the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire?
Ans:- The greatest ruler of Vijayanagar Empire was Krishnadeva Raya.
Q51 Who defeated the Bahmani sultan and the king of Odisha?
Ans:- Krishnadeva Raya defeated the Bahmani sultan and the king of Odisha.
Q52. Who encouraged trade and commerce and established trading links with Portuguese?
Ans:- The king Krishnadeva Raya encouraged trade and commerce and established trading links with Portuguese.
Q53. Who built many tanks, dams and canals for irrigation?
Ans:- The king Krishnadeva Raya built many tanks, dams and canals for irrigation.
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